First, wetting and enrichment: the polar phosphate head migrates to the interface and forms a self-assembled monolayer.
Second, chemical bonding: P–OH condenses or coordinates with surface hydroxyls — M–O–P on metals, Ca²⁺ and Si–OH interactions on glass and ceramics.
Third, cure anchoring: the double bond copolymerizes with the bulk resin, tying the interphase to the coating. Fourth, stress buffering: flexible segments such as those in KM2130 relieve cure shrinkage and thermal expansion mismatch.
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